Wednesday, May 30, 2012

Two States’ Competing Tax Systems

Washington and Oregon share a very unique situation: two states and one metropolitan region with an economic structure unlike any other in the country.  Oregon has one of the top income tax rates in the country, and Washington has one of the top sales tax rates, making it almost impossible for their tax systems to be any more different . 

To add an additional ripple to the fold, Washington has a controversial sales tax exemption for all Oregon residents.  Washington lawmakers believed that without an exemption, Oregonians wouldn’t shop in Washington since they could shop in their home state and pay no sales tax at all.  All it takes is an Oregon driver’s license and there’s no sales tax charged.  Not surprisingly, businesses on border cities and towns greatly dislike the exemption.  Washington State Representative Jim Moeller told Pew Center on the States, “Sixty-thousand of my constituents pay Oregon income tax and help support their parks and their roads and their health care.  When Oregonians find themselves over here and they need to pick up a shirt or a pair of shoes or whatever, they should help pay for our parks and our roads and our health care just as much as we pay for theirs.”  Oregon isn’t the only state which benefits from the exemption.  Alaska, Colorado, Montana, and New Hampshire among others benefit as well.
To complicate matters, Washington residents are required by law to pay use tax on goods or certain services when a sales tax has not been paid.  However, this practice is widely ignored in the state. See Phil’s use tax post here.

That leads us to the question--does any of this really matter?  Are residents in both Oregon and Washington traveling en masse and moving across one border to the next in order to dodge the tax burden?  Overall, experts have mixed thoughts on the issue. 
Portland-based economist, Joe Cortright believes the disparate tax structures do not play a large role in each state’s economy – even though he believes Clark County is losing $100 million annually in sales tax revenue.  Some factors which support his position are that many Washingtonians live in Vancouver yet work in Portland.  So, they are paying Oregon’s income tax and Washington’s sales tax.  One positive for this group of Washington residents is that homes are cheaper in the border area of Washington.  

Many believe that the various tax structures are not a major determinate of residents’ shopping habits.  People are going to live where they want to live, shop where is most convenient, and work where they want.
A question raised by the article by the Pew Center on the States is not whether the current tax structures of each state is hindering economic growth for the other, it’s whether or not both states are being well served by their respective tax structures.

By now, every reader of this blog should know that Washington’s tax structure, which is so heavily reliant on the sales tax, is one of the most regressive in the country.  And, given Oregon’s boom-or-bust revenue cycles reliant on their income and corporate gains taxes, they’ve got some work to do, too.  The message the authors of this blog have been trying to get across is that Washington State’s tax structure needs to be reformed so that it isn’t so heavily reliant on one particular tax – a volatile one at that.  Oregon faces the same troubles we have – they rely too heavily on one source of tax revenue.  Just like you’d want to diversify your investment portfolio, we need to diversify Washington’s tax structure so that in times of high volatility, we have something to rely on. 
One poignant quote included in the Pew Center on the States article by Randy Miller, an active Portland business leader, “Enlightened people here all feel the same: We need a sales tax.  Enlightened people in Washington feel the same: They need an income tax.  The general public?  Forget it.”





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